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Coordinador: Dr. Óscar Ugarteche Galarza Web master:Dr. José Carlos Díaz Silva Mayo, 2026 |
The closure of the Strait of Hormuz has changed the global geopolitical landscape and international trade. With oil prices rising and a risk of global recession, countries are urgently seeking alternatives. This article examines how the Israel-US war against Iran has changed energy trade.
El cierre del estrecho de Ormuz ha cambiado el panorama geopolítico mundial y el comercio internacional. En vista del alza del precio del petróleo y el riesgo de una recesión económica global, los países alrededor del globo están en búsqueda de alternativas o soluciones ante una nueva realidad que ofrece poca certidumbre.
¡Europa dividida! La decisión de Alemania de controlar sus fronteras y el auge de la extrema derecha ponen en jaque la unidad europea. ¿Será el principio del fin?
During 2022, the prices of goods and services (global %) experienced an increase, which has generated social unrest in several countries. Central banks raised their rates to control the price rise, discouraging investment, reducing consumption and increasing concerns about a recession. Meanwhile, food prices continue to rise. This article discusses the inadequacy of monetary policy to control rising costs.
The year 2022 began as one of great uncertainty. A timid economic recovery cooled off in the third quarter of 2021, and the US economy, with its gigantic fiscal deficits, failed to pick up steam. Russia's tensions with Ukraine have grown, and there needs to be a sense of how it can be solved. China has grown steadily, and the Asian countries have performed well, counterbalancing the slowdown in the G7 economies. Inflation rose sharply in the US and had no ceiling. Against this backdrop, year 22 began with surprises and a realisation. The surprise was that their currencies depreciate when the Fed moves the interest rate for the first time if the other central banks do not do so simultaneously. That cost the Euro a 23% drop against the dollar. Second, the addition of economic sanctions against Russia over the Ukraine operation became the opportunity of a lifetime for China to consolidate an Eastern financial architecture. Finally, with the world already fragmented, the US opted firmly for import substitution policies and the de-globalisation that goes with them; while the Asian bloc led by China is advancing with its growth and globalisation.
The IMF's World Economic Outlook appeared on 12 October, and the report on China's economy came out on 24 October. Both are bad economic news reports. However, the IMF report gives terrible news for some but only a few, which seems unrealistic in an adverse global environment. The dependence of Western central banks on the Fed's interest rate is a reality in a world of open balances of payments and deregulated financial markets. When the Fed moves the interest rate, all central banks move in the same direction, or the exchange rate suffers as a consequence.
El Panorama Económico Mundial del FMI apareció el 12 de octubre y el informe de la economía de China el 24. Ambos son informes que dan malas noticias. Sin embargo, el del FMI da malas noticias para unos, pero no para todos lo que en un entorno global adverso parece poco realista. La dependencia de los bancos centrales occidentales de la tasa de interés del FED es una realidad en un mundo de balanzas de pagos abiertas y mercados financieros desregulados.
Sanctions on Russia stemming from the war with Ukraine will affect the European and Western economies and could strengthen Sino-Russian relations. In the consequences of the war's non-Armis strategies, Western hegemonic strength and the global consolidation of the Eurasian bloc led by China and Russia would be at stake.
Las sanciones a Rusia derivadas de la guerra con Ucrania afectarán a la economía europea y occidental y podrían fortalecer las relaciones sino-rusas. En las consecuencias de las estrategias non armis de la guerra, estaría en juego la fortaleza hegemónica occidental y la consolidación global del bloque euroasiático encabezado por China y Rusia.
Países como Estados Unidos y Alemania entre los grandes ganadores de la recuperación económica. Los cuellos de botella por la crisis de containers y la política "cero covid" de China están a la orden del día.
